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<p>Series Introduction ix</p> <p>Preface xi</p> <p>Acknowledgements xv</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Thin on the Ground: Population Density and Technological Innovation 1</b></p> <p>Note 7</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 The Neandertals in Time and Space 9</b></p> <p>2.1 Geographic and Temporal Boundaries 10</p> <p>2.2 Defining the Neandertals 13</p> <p>2.3 Neandertal DNA 27</p> <p>2.4 Neandertal Taxonomy 30</p> <p>2.5 Regional and Temporal Variation in Neandertal Morphology 30</p> <p>2.6 The Evolutionary History of the Neandertals 32</p> <p>Notes 39</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Neandertal Material Culture 41</b></p> <p>3.1 Neandertal-associated Lithic Industries 42</p> <p>3.2 Variation in the Eurasian Middle Paleolithic: Technology as Adaptive Interface 53</p> <p>3.3 Composite Technology, and the Archeologically Less-visible Component of Technology 59</p> <p>3.4 Subsistence Technology 61</p> <p>3.5 Domestic Technology 67</p> <p>Notes 69</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 The Body Neandertal 71</b></p> <p>4.1 Neandertal Body Size: Short but Massive 72</p> <p>4.2 Body Composition: “Scaled Up” Inuit? 79</p> <p>4.3 The Cost of Size: Feeding a Large Body and Large Brain 82</p> <p>4.3.1 Nutrition and Somatic Maintenance: Neandertal Bodies were Energetically Costly 83</p> <p>4.3.2 Nutrition and Reproduction: Were Neandertal Mothers Like Polar Bears? 92</p> <p>4.3.3 Dietary Shortfalls: Hard and Lean Winters 97</p> <p>4.4 The Benefits of Size: Neandertal Body Size in Ecological Context 99</p> <p>Notes 104</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Surviving the Cold 107</b></p> <p>5.1 How Cold Was It? 108</p> <p>5.1.1 Cold–Temperate Conditions (MIS 5d-a and 3) 109</p> <p>5.1.2 Cold Glacial Conditions (MIS 6 and 4) 111</p> <p>5.2 Human Adaptation to the Cold 114</p> <p>5.3 Cold Adaptation and Neandertal Morphology 117</p> <p>5.3.1 The Survival Value of Neandertal Body Form 124</p> <p>5.3.2 Craniofacial Morphology and Cold Adaptation 129</p> <p>5.4 Physiological Solutions to Cold Stress 137</p> <p>5.5 Cold Stress and Neandertal Behavior 141</p> <p>5.5.1 Activity 141</p> <p>5.5.2 Extrasomatic Heat Production and Conservation: Fire, Shelter and Clothing 142</p> <p>5.6 Thermogenic Capacity and Cold Tolerance 146</p> <p>5.7 The Neandertals Were Cold-adapted 148</p> <p>Notes 149</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 The Caloric Economy of Pleistocene Europe 151</b></p> <p>6.1 Issues in the Reconstruction of Past Environments 152</p> <p>6.2 Pleistocene Biomes of Europe and Western Asia 157</p> <p>6.2.1 Interglacial Europe: Marine Isotope Stages 7 and 5e 159</p> <p>6.2.2 Productivity and Edible Resources of Interglacial Environments 162</p> <p>6.2.3 Temperate Interglacial Europe: Marine Isotope Stages 5d–a and 3 169</p> <p>6.2.4 Cold Steppic Europe: Marine Isotope Stages 6 and 4 173</p> <p>Notes 175</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Neandertals as Consumers 179</b></p> <p>7.1 Analysis of Food Residues: The Macromammal Component of Neandertal Diet 181</p> <p>7.2 Analysis of Food Residues: The Small Animal Data 187</p> <p>7.3 Analysis of Food Residues: Macrobotanical Remains 191</p> <p>7.4 Dental Wear and Food Residues on Teeth 194</p> <p>7.5 Stable Isotope and Trace Element Analyses 200</p> <p>7.6 The Thorny Issue of Cannibalism 214</p> <p>7.7 The Trophic Ecology of Neandertals 216</p> <p>Notes 218</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Red in Tooth and Claw: Neandertals as Predators 219</b></p> <p>8.1 Neandertal Morphology and Predation 220</p> <p>8.1.1 Scapular Glenoid Fossa 222</p> <p>8.1.2 Elbow Joint Morphology 224</p> <p>8.1.3 Superior Pubic Ramus Length 226</p> <p>8.1.4 Humeral Diaphyseal Cross-sectional Geometry 226</p> <p>8.1.5 Entheseal (Muscle Marking) Morphology 233</p> <p>8.2 Neandertals as Close-range Predators 236</p> <p>8.3 Prey Size, Hunting “Pack” Size, and Risk of Injury to Neandertal Hunters 245</p> <p>8.4 Neandertal Hunting in Ecological Context 246</p> <p>Notes 249</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 In the Company of Killers: Neandertals as Carnivores 251</b></p> <p>9.1 Large-bodied Carnivores of the Eurasian Late Pleistocene 253</p> <p>9.2 The Members of the Eurasian Pleistocene Large-bodied Carnivore Guild 256</p> <p>9.2.1 Homotherium latidens 256</p> <p>9.2.2 Panthera leo spelaea 258</p> <p>9.2.3 Panthera pardus 259</p> <p>9.2.4 Crocuta crocuta spelaea 260</p> <p>9.2.5 Hyaena hyaena 262</p> <p>9.2.6 Canis lupus 262</p> <p>9.2.7 Cuon alpinus 263</p> <p>9.3 Competition within the Carnivore Guild 264</p> <p>9.3.1 Exploitation Competition 265</p> <p>9.3.2 Interference Competition 268</p> <p>9.4 Neandertals Were Not the Socially-Dominant Members of the Carnivore Guild 271</p> <p>9.5 Neandertal Ecology in the Context of Competition within the Carnivore Guild 276</p> <p>Notes 284</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 The Cost of Living in Ice Age Europe 287</b></p> <p>10.1 Subsistence Organization and Mobility 289</p> <p>10.2 Home Range Size 299</p> <p>10.2.1 Lithic Raw Material Movement 300</p> <p>10.2.2 Carnivore Models for Estimating Neandertal Mobility 302</p> <p>10.3 Paleontological Reflections of Neandertal Mobility 309</p> <p>10.4 The Energetic Cost of Mobility 316</p> <p>10.5 The Energetic Cost of Domestic Activities 321</p> <p>10.6 Neandertal Physical Activity Levels 324</p> <p>Notes 331</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Neandertal Social Life, Life History, and Demography 333</b></p> <p>11.1 Subsistence Labor Demands, Group Size, and Social Structure 336</p> <p>11.2 Neandertal Life History 342</p> <p>11.3 Neandertal Demography 347</p> <p>Notes 352</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 From Thin to Thick: The African MSA 353</b></p> <p>12.1 Tipping the Scales on Population Growth 355</p> <p>12.2 Culture Change in the Late MSA and Mousterian 360</p> <p>Note 363</p> <p>References 365</p> <p>Index 445</p>

<p>“This book should serve both as a comprehensive introduction to the debate and as a timely stimulus to new research.”  (<i>Antiquity</i>, 1 August 2015)</p>

<p><strong>Steven E. Churchill</strong> is Professor of Evolutionary Anthropology at Duke University. A recognized leader in the field of physical anthropology, Dr. Churchill is the author of more than 50 research articles on the morphology and behavior of Neandertals and early modern humans.

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