reading

Cover
List of Contributors
Foreword: Nanosatellite Space Experiment
1. CubeSat Engineering Design Standard
2. Evolution History of the CubeSat Program
3. Today: The CubeSat Concept
4. The Future of the CubeSat Concept
Introduction by the Editors
1 I-1: A Brief History of Nanosatellites
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Historical Nanosatellite Launch Rates
3. 1.3 The First Nanosatellites
4. 1.4 The Large Space Era
5. 1.5 The New Space Era
6. 1.6 Summary
7. References
2 I-2a: On-board Computer and Data Handling
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 History
3. 2.3 Special Requirements for Space Applications
4. 2.4 Hardware
5. 2.5 Design
6. References
3 I-2b: Operational Systems
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 RTOS Overview
3. 3.3 RTOS on On-board Computers (OBCs): Requirements for a Small Satellite
4. 3.4 Example Projects
5. 3.5 Conclusions
6. References
4 I-2c: Attitude Control and Determination
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 ADCS Fundamentals
3. 4.3 ADCS Requirements and Stabilization Methods
4. 4.4 ADCS Background Theory
5. 4.5 Attitude and Angular Rate Determination
6. 4.6 Attitude and Angular Rate Controllers
7. 4.7 ADCS Sensor and Actuator Hardware
8. References
5 I-2d: Propulsion Systems
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Propulsion Elements
3. 5.3 Key Elements in the Development of Micropropulsion Systems
4. 5.4 Propulsion System Technologies
5. 5.5 Mission Elements
6. 5.6 Survey of All Existing Systems
7. 5.7 Future Prospect
8. References
6 I-2e: Communications
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Regulatory Considerations
3. 6.3 Satellite Link Characteristics
4. 6.4 Channel Coding
5. 6.5 Data Link Layer
6. 6.6 Hardware
7. 6.7 Testing
8. References
7 I-2f: Structural Subsystem
1. 7.1 Definition and Tasks
2. 7.2 Existing State-of-the-Art Structures for CubeSats
3. 7.3 Materials and Thermal Considerations for Structural Design
4. 7.4 Design Parameters and Tools
5. 7.5 Design Challenges
6. 7.6 Future Prospects
7. References
8 I-2g: Power Systems
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Power Source: Photovoltaic Solar Cells and Solar Array
3. 8.3 Energy Storage: Lithium-ion Batteries
4. 8.4 SA-battery Power Conditioning: DET and MPPT
5. 8.5 Battery Charging Control Loops
6. 8.6 Bus Power Conditioning and Distribution: Load Converters and Distribution Switches
7. 8.7 Flight Switch Subsystem
8. 8.8 DC/DC Converters
9. 8.9 Power System Sizing: Power Budget, Solar Array, and Battery Selection
10. 8.10 Conclusions
11. References
9 I-2h: Thermal Design, Analysis, and Test
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Typical Thermal Loads
3. 9.3 Active and Passive Designs
4. 9.4 Design Approach and Tools
5. 9.5 Thermal Tests
6. References
10 I-2i: Systems Engineering and Quality Assessment
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Systems Engineering Definition and Process
3. 10.3 Space Project Management: Role of Systems Engineers
4. 10.4 ECSS and Other Standards
5. 10.5 Document, Risk Control, and Resources
6. 10.6 Changing Trends in SE and Quality Assessment for Nanosatellites
7. References
11 I-2j: Integration and Testing
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Overall Tasks
3. 11.3 Typical Flow
4. 11.4 Test Philosophies
5. 11.5 Typical System Integration Process
6. 11.6 Typical Test Parameters and Facilities
7. 11.7 Burden of Integration and Testing
8. 11.8 Changing Trends in Nanosatellite Testing
9. References
12 I-3a: Scientific Payloads
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Categorization
3. 12.3 Imagers
4. 12.4 X-ray Detectors
5. 12.5 Spectrometers
6. 12.6 Photometers
7. 12.7 GNSS Receivers
8. 12.8 Microbolometers
9. 12.9 Radiometers
10. 12.10 Radar Systems
11. 12.11 Particle Detectors
12. 12.12 Plasma Wave Analyzers
13. 12.13 Biological Detectors
14. 12.14 Solar Sails
15. 12.15 Conclusions
16. References
13 I-3b: In-orbit Technology Demonstration
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Activities of Space Agencies
3. 13.3 Nanosatellites
4. 13.4 Microsatellites
5. 13.5 ISS
6. References
14 I-3c: Nanosatellites as Educational Projects
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Satellites and Project-based Learning
3. 14.3 University Satellite Programs
4. 14.4 Outcome and Success Criteria
5. 14.5 Teams and Organizational Structure
6. 14.6 Challenges and Practical Experiences
7. 14.7 From Pure Education to Powerful Research Tools
8. References
15 I-3d: Formations of Small Satellites
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Constellations and Formations
3. 15.3 Orbit Dynamics
4. 15.4 Satellite Configurations
5. 15.5 Relevant Specific Small Satellite Technologies to Enable Formations
6. 15.6 Application Examples
7. 15.7 Test Environment for Multisatellite Systems
8. 15.8 Conclusions for Distributed Nanosatellite Systems
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
16 I-3e: Precise, Autonomous Formation Flight at Low Cost
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Mission Overview
3. 16.3 System Overview
4. 16.4 Launch and Early Operations
5. 16.5 Formation Control Results
6. 16.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
17 I-4a: Launch Vehicles—Challenges and Solutions
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Past Nanosatellite Launches
3. 17.3 Launch Vehicles Commonly Used by Nanosatellites
4. 17.4 Overview of a Typical Launch Campaign
5. 17.5 Launch Demand
6. 17.6 Future Launch Concepts
7. References
18 I-4b: Deployment Systems
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Definition and Tasks
3. 18.3 Basics of Deployment Systems
4. 18.4 State of the Art
5. 18.5 Future Prospects
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
19 I-4c: Mission Operations
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Organization of Mission Operations
3. 19.3 Goals and Functions of Mission Operations
4. 19.4 Input and Output of Mission Operations
5. 19.5 MOP
6. 19.6 Costs and Operations
7. References
8. Further Reading
20 I-5: Mission Examples
1. 20.1. Introduction
2. 20.2. Mission Types
3. 20.3. Mission Examples
4. 20.4. Constellations
5. 20.5. Perspective
6. References
21 II-1: Ground Segment
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 Ground Segment Functionalities
3. 21.3 Ground Segment Architecture
4. 21.4 Ground Station Elements
5. 21.5 Ground Segment Software
6. 21.6 Ground Segment Operation
7. 21.7 Future Prospects
8. References
22 II-2: Ground Station Networks
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 Technological Challenges
3. 22.3 Visibility Clash Problems of Stations and Satellites
4. 22.4 The Distributed Ground Station Network
5. 22.5 Infrastructure
6. 22.6 Planning and Scheduling
7. 22.7 Generic Software Architecture
8. 22.8 Example Networks
9. 22.9 Traditional Ground Station Approach
10. 22.10 Heterogeneous Ground Station Approach
11. 22.11 Homogeneous Ground Station Approach
12. 22.12 Conclusions
13. References
23 II-3: Ground-based Satellite Tracking
1. 23.1 Introduction
2. 23.2 Orbital Element Sets
3. 23.3 Tracklet Generation from Ground Measurements
4. 23.4 Tracking CubeSats with Ground Stations
5. 23.5 Orbit Propagation
6. 23.6 Principle of Operations of Ground Stations
7. 23.7 Summary
8. References
9. Notes
24 II-4a: AMSAT
1. 24.1 Introduction
2. 24.2 Project OSCAR
3. 24.3 AMSAT Satellite Designations
4. 24.4 Other Notable AMSAT and OSCAR Satellites
5. 24.5 The Development of CubeSats
6. 24.6 FUNcube Satellites
7. 24.7 Fox Satellites
8. 24.8 GOLF Satellites
9. 24.9 The IARU and ITU Resolution 659
10. References
11. Notes
24 II-4b: New Radio Technologies
1. 24.10 Introduction
2. 24.11 SDR Space Segment
3. 24.12 SDR Ground Segment
4. 24.13 Modern Transmitter Design
5. Reference
6. Note
25 III-1a: Cost Breakdown for the Development of Nanosatellites
1. 25.1 Introduction
2. 25.2 Recurring Costs
3. 25.3 Nonrecurring Costs
4. 25.4 Satellite Cost-estimating Models
5. 25.5 Risk Estimation and Reduction
6. 25.6 Conclusions
7. References
26 III-1b: Launch Costs
1. 26.1 Introduction
2. 26.2 Launching Nanosatellites
3. 26.3 Launch Sites
4. 26.4 Launch Milestones
5. 26.5 Launch Cost
6. References
27 III-2a: Policies and Regulations in Europe
1. 27.1 Introduction
2. 27.2 International Space Law
3. 27.3 National Laws and Practices in EU Member States
4. 27.4 Future Regulation and Prospects
5. References
28 III-2b: Policies and Regulations in North America
1. 28.1 Introduction
2. 28.2 Governing Treaties and Laws
3. 28.3 Orbital Debris Mitigation
4. 28.4 Space Traffic Management
5. 28.5 Licensing of Radio Transmission from Space
6. 28.6 Licensing for Remote Sensing Activities from Space
7. 28.7 Export Control Laws
8. 28.8 Conclusion
9. References
29 III-2c: International Organizations and International Cooperation
1. 29.1 Introduction
2. 29.2 The United Nations and Affiliated Organizations
3. 29.3 International Telecommunications Union
4. 29.4 Other United Nations Agencies and Bodies
5. 29.5 Non-UN Organizations
6. 29.6 Main Non-European Spacefaring Nations
7. 29.7 Conclusions
8. References
9. Notes
30 III-3a: Economy of Small Satellites
1. 30.1 Introduction
2. 30.2 Rethinking the Value Chain
3. 30.3 A Hybrid Small Satellite Value Chain
4. 30.4 Evolution, Not Revolution?
5. 30.5 The Economics at Play
6. 30.6 Satellite Manufacturers
7. 30.7 Launch Service Providers
8. 30.8 Satellite Operators
9. 30.9 Satellite Servicing Providers
10. 30.10 Data and Solution Providers
11. 30.11 A Shift Toward New Models
12. References
13. Further Reading
14. Notes
31 III-3b: Economics and the Future
1. 31.1 Introduction
2. 31.2 Themes Shaping the Space Industry
3. 31.3 Megatrends
4. 31.4 Conclusion: The Space Industry Is in Mutation
5. Further Reading
6. Notes
32 III-3c: Networks of Nanosatellites
1. 32.1 Introduction
2. 32.2 Why Networks?
3. 32.3 Opportunities for Networks of Nanosatellites
4. 32.4 Challenges and Issues
5. Reference
6. Further Reading
7. 32.A List of Existing and Upcoming Networks of Satellites–January 2018, Updated March 2019
8. Notes
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 The first successfully launched nanosatellites from 1957 through 1968.
2. Table 1.2 Nanosatellites and “almost nanosatellites” with a 23–25 cm³ design.
3. Table 1.3 Launches of small satellites during 2017.
4. Table 1.4 Data downlink rates for CubeSats in 2014.
5. Table 1.5 Commercial CubeSat constellations with at least two functional spacecr...
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 RTOS on small satellite projects.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 ADCS requirements.
2. Table 4.2 Examples of CubeSat missions for various attitude control scenarios.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Mission assumptions.
2. Table 5.2 Orbit change [4].
3. Table 5.3 Drag compensation.
4. Table 5.4 Existing systems information table.
5. Table 5.5 Existing systems technical data.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Frequency bands.
2. Table 6.2 Overview over digital modulations.
3. Table 6.3 Overview over typical CCSDS channel codes, their performance and compl...
4. Table 6.4 Typical antennas for nanosatellite missions (ground and space) and the...
5. Table 6.5 Overview of the different types of oscillators.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Brief summary about CubeSat structural subsystem standards [2, 9].
2. Table 7.2 Summary of various shapes for satellite structures.
3. Table 7.3 Operational environments, operational factors, and important material ...
4. Table 7.4 Requirements from satellite materials.
5. Table 7.5 Advantages and disadvantages of typical satellite materials [1].
6. Table 7.6 Examples of selected materials for existing prefabricated nanosatellit...
7. Table 7.7 Material properties of the most widely used metal alloys.
8. Table 7.8 Example of harmonic vibration load specification (g = 9.81 m s⁻²
9. Table 7.9 Example of random vibration load specification (g = 9.81 m s⁻²) ...
10. Table 7.10 Operational temperature limits for nanosatellite subsystems.
11. Table 7.11 Examples of components of thermal management with some of its feature...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Comparison of electrical parameters of GaInP₂ and Si solar cells from ...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Thermooptical properties of common surface finishes [15].
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Premises and important aspects of the SE process example.
2. Table 10.2 Example documentation descriptions for the AD process.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Example of a nanosatellite's major I&T tasks along the project phases...
2. Table 11.2 Common nanosatellite models and their respective objectives.
3. Table 11.3 Typical general parameters.
4. Table 11.4 Typical thermal-vacuum test parameters.
5. Table 11.5 Typical dynamic test parameters.
6. Table 11.6 Typical EMC test parameters.
7. Table 11.7 Major test equipment to perform nanosatellite I&T.
8. Table 11.8 Example cost of a nanosatellite's major environmental tests in a spac...
9. Table 11.9 Example of a CubeSat I&T timeframe.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Summary of CubeSat statistics for NASA and NSF. Source: Photo courtes...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Available experiment platforms on the ISS.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Formation design parameters.
2. Table 16.2 Differential mean orbital elements of CanX-5 to CanX-4 immediately af...
3. Table 16.3 Differential mean orbital elements of CanX-5 to CanX-4 after completi...
4. Table 16.4 Timeline of formation flying experiments.
5. Table 16.5 Summary of formation control results.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 T-POD specifications.
2. Table 18.2 XPOD Triple and XPOD DUO Specifications.
3. Table 18.3 ISIPOD specifications.
4. Table 18.4 The basic specifications of 1U AxelShooter [24].
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Typical values for the communication chain in a radio amateur ground ...
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Different orbital element sets.
2. Table 23.2 Satellite perturbations.
3. Table 23.3 List of sensor types that can be used to retrieve measurement data of...
4. Table 23.4 Characteristics of different antennas and by using different frequenc...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Satellite classification by typical mass ranges [30].
2. Table 25.2 Examples of ADACS components and associated information. Note that ma...
3. Table 25.3 Avionics components and associated information.
4. Table 25.4 Steps of a risk management plan.
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Selection of active small launchers and microlaunchers with payload c...
2. Table 26.2 Selection of microlaunchers that are currently under development with...
3. Table 26.3 Selection of openly available launch prices stated by Rocket Lab [12]...
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 Summary of US domestic law implementation of the space treaties.

List of Illustrations

Foreword
1. Figure 1 Picosatellite loaded into OPAL.
2. Figure 2 OPAL and SAPPHIRE microsatellites.
3. Figure 3 Cornell University ChipSats.
4. Figure 4 Alba Orbital PocketQube.
5. Figure 5 ThinSat sub-CubeSat satellites.
Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Yearly launch rates of nanosatellites from 1958 through 2017. (See...
2. Figure 1.2 Photo of Vanguard 1 at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museu...
3. Figure 1.3 Dr. Wernher von Braun (left), John Casani of the Jet Propulsion Lab...
4. Figure 1.4 Photo of Explorer 24.
5. Figure 1.5 Photograph of OSCAR 1 at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Mus...
6. Figure 1.6 Photo of ERS 11 at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's ...
7. Figure 1.7 Launch mass of the Intelsat series of geosynchronous communications...
8. Figure 1.8 Photo of author's 1990s era amateur satellite ground station.
9. Figure 1.9 Photograph of the PCSat-1 satellite on display at the Smithsonian N...
10. Figure 1.10 Photo of a partially assembled GeneSat-1.
11. Figure 1.11 Photograph of one of the 12U MarCo CubeSats heading to Mars.
12. Figure 1.12 Photograph of AeroCube-OCSD-B with deployed wings.
13. Figure 1.13 Evolution of small satellite pointing accuracy over the last 20 ye...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Sputnik 1 electronics.
2. Figure 2.2 Apollo guidance computer (AGC).
3. Figure 2.3 IBM AP-101 Space Shuttle computer.
4. Figure 2.4 Argon-16 (70 kg).
5. Figure 2.5 Soyuz instrument panel.
6. Figure 2.6 MSP430 single event latch-up (SEL) test results.
7. Figure 2.7 Centralized architecture.
8. Figure 2.8 Ring architecture.
9. Figure 2.9 Bus architecture.
10. Figure 2.10 Nanosatellite data budget example. (See color plate section for co...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Common RTOS kernel services.
2. Figure 3.2 Generic RTOS architecture.
3. Figure 3.3 Generic OBC system architecture.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 ADCS block diagram.
2. Figure 4.2 Examples of CubeSats.
3. Figure 4.3 On-board Kalman rate filter telemetry results.
4. Figure 4.4 On-board magnetometer calibration result.
5. Figure 4.5 Magnetic detumbling to a Y-Thomson spin.
6. Figure 4.6 Three-axis pointing control, first sun then nadir.
7. Figure 4.7 Burn-wire deployable three-axis magnetorestrictive nanosatellite ma...
8. Figure 4.8 Analog photodiode-type coarse sun sensors and two MEMS two-axis dig...
9. Figure 4.9 Nanosized star trackers, left to right: ST-16 [16], ST-200 [17], an...
10. Figure 4.10 MEMS rate sensors: (left) STIM300 a three-axis IMU [19], and (righ...
11. Figure 4.11 Left to right: single 0.24 Am² torquer rod, T-configuration of two...
12. Figure 4.12 Nanosatellite-sized reaction/momentum wheel examples.
13. Figure 4.13 Nanosatellite-sized propulsion system examples.
14. Figure 4.14 iADCS100 Integrated ADCS unit for 1U to 3U CubeSats [28].
15. Figure 4.15 The Y-Momentum ADCS bundle's layout and a three-axis CubeADCS flig...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 System dry mass as a function of mission duration.
2. Figure 5.2 Chemical propulsion systems: (a) Cold gas thruster, (b) monopropell...
3. Figure 5.3 Sketch of a resistojet.
4. Figure 5.4 Schematic of gridded ion engine showing the grids, plasma generator...
5. Figure 5.5 Schematic of HET showing the radial magnetic field and the accelera...
6. Figure 5.6 Schematic of a solid propellant pulsed plasma thruster [12].
7. Figure 5.7 Schematic of a vacuum arc thruster [13].
8. Figure 5.8 Schematic of a FEEP or colloid thruster.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Illustration of nanosatellite links.
2. Figure 6.2 Illustration of the channel capacity over bandwidth for given SNR =...
3. Figure 6.3 Modulation waveforms.
4. Figure 6.4 Expected bit error rate (BER) for common modulation schemes in an A...
5. Figure 6.5 Bit error rate for CCSDS turbo with rate 1/2 and block length k = 1...
6. Figure 6.6 CCSDS convolutional encoder.
7. Figure 6.7 Example of a Pierce crystal oscillator (parallel resonant).
8. Figure 6.8 Typical series resonant crystal oscillator.
9. Figure 6.9 General diagram of a temperature compensated oscillator (left). Dif...
10. Figure 6.10 Oven-stabilized crystal oscillator (left). OXCO with small footpri...
11. Figure 6.11 Integer synthesizer PLL.
12. Figure 6.12 Simple RC low-pass as loop filter (left). Loop filter with lossy l...
13. Figure 6.13 Simulation results for the important PLL parameters created by the...
14. Figure 6.14 Typical fractal synthesizer PLL.
15. Figure 6.15 Up-conversion with IF and LO (left). Schematics of mixer with osci...
16. Figure 6.16 Down-conversion with given RF and LO (left). Schematics of mixer u...
17. Figure 6.17 Generating IQ signals (left). IQ signals used to generate the HF s...
18. Figure 6.18 Simple receiver with down mixer and A/D converter (left). Simple i...
19. Figure 6.19 Simple transmitter with up mixer and D/A converter as source.
20. Figure 6.20 Illustration of the error vector magnitude and its components.
21. Figure 6.21 Relationship of the EVM and BER for BPSK, QPSK, and 16-QAM.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Classification of satellite structural subsystem and their primary ...
2. Figure 7.2 Examples of monoblock structures: (a) CubeSTAR [16], (b) SwissCube ...
3. Figure 7.3 Examples of multiblock structures: (a) Nano-JASMINE [17], (b) ITU 3...
4. Figure 7.4 (a) Pumpkin [3], (b) ISIS [4], (c) GUMUSH [5], and (d) Tyvak [6] st...
5. Figure 7.5 Options for structure selection or design architecture.
6. Figure 7.6 Steps from preliminary design of satellite structure to the final p...
7. Figure 7.7 First two vibration modes of a 3U structure alone. (See color plate...
8. Figure 7.8 First two vibration modes of a 6 kg 3U satellite assembly. (See col...
9. Figure 7.9 Examples of displacement and stress distributions of a satellite as...
10. Figure 7.10 Thermal sources and sinks for a satellite [27].
11. Figure 7.11 Thermal design parameters and tools [27].
12. Figure 7.12 Temperatures of some subsystems as a function orbital position for...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 (a) Architecture of a nanosatellite power subsystem. (b) CubeSat po...
2. Figure 8.2 Typical nanosatellite electrical power system.
3. Figure 8.3 Equivalent electrical circuit of solar array.
4. Figure 8.4 7s1p SA—XTJ Spectrolab (dashed line: G = 1353 W m⁻², θ =...
5. Figure 8.5 Nanosatellite battery. (a) Schematic of a series–parallel connectio...
6. Figure 8.6 Typical Li-ion battery charge/discharge curve with constant-current
7. Figure 8.7 Sequential switching series regulator for unregulated battery bus.
8. Figure 8.8 (a) Solar array I–V characteristic. (b) Zoomed-in view around the M...
9. Figure 8.9 Analog S&H maximum power point tracking.
10. Figure 8.10 BCR, MPPT, and EoC control circuits.
11. Figure 8.11 (a) 5 V PDM presenting a single point failure. (b) 5 V PDM with ov...
12. Figure 8.12 Latching current limiter. (a) Block diagram. (b) Typical response.
13. Figure 8.13 MAX 890L distribution switch. (a) Circuit diagram. (b) Typical wav...
14. Figure 8.14 P-channel MOSFET solid-state switch with inrush current limiting.
15. Figure 8.15 Buck converter implemented as a (a) BCR and (b) PCM.
16. Figure 8.16 Boost converter used as a PCM.
17. Figure 8.17 SEPIC converter used as a BCR.
18. Figure 8.18 EPS power flow paths (left side). Power loss ideal transfer functi...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Parameters for the calculation of conductive heat exchange factors ...
2. Figure 9.2 Typical radiative heat fluxes for satellites in low Earth orbit (wi...
3. Figure 9.3 Principal layout of MLI.
4. Figure 9.4 Different concepts for connecting a radiator and an internal heat s...
5. Figure 9.5 Bottom-up thermal model development with the example of the CubeSat...
6. Figure 9.6 Exemplary test profile.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Systems engineering integration and interfaces.
2. Figure 10.2 SE functional division for a nanosatellite project example.
3. Figure 10.3 Nanosatellite architecture SE process example. (a) High view of a ...
4. Figure 10.4 Needs identification and mission definition sub-process breakdown ...
5. Figure 10.5 DoD SE process.
6. Figure 10.6 ECSS systems engineering process.
7. Figure 10.7 NASA SE process.
8. Figure 10.8 Risk range related to uncertainty.
9. Figure 10.9 Traditional risk assessment approach.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 “V” development process model showing the I&T position.
2. Figure 11.2 Nanosatellite I&T WBS.
3. Figure 11.3 Typical macro sequence flow of nanosatellite I&T [4]. (See color p...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Small satellite (1–50 kg) application trend; 2019 market forecast ...
2. Figure 12.2 Cross-section of the telescope, its elements and mass budget.
3. Figure 12.3 Left: AAReST spacecraft components. Right: Geometric ray-trace of ...
4. Figure 12.4 Sensor assembly: SDD detector surrounded by a copper–tungsten allo...
5. Figure 12.5 Sub-collimator response to point-like source. A minimum of four pi...
6. Figure 12.6 Optical-mechanical configuration of a single SOLSTICE I channel.
7. Figure 12.7 Left: Schematic view of the spectrometer optics and light path. Li...
8. Figure 12.8 Left: ROIC/FPA design: 128 × 128 array, 60 μm pixel. Right: the Pa...
9. Figure 12.9 Left: Illustration of the BRITE telescope and baffle. Right: The o...
10. Figure 12.10 ExoPlanet operation concept [41].
11. Figure 12.11 Left: Illustration of the ASTERIA spacecraft. Right: Its starfiel...
12. Figure 12.12 Left [2]: CYGNSS spacecraft (yellow dots) analyze reflected GPS s...
13. Figure 12.13 Left: (top) the CSIM prototype, (bottom) the bolometer prototype....
14. Figure 12.14 Schematic representation of TEMPEST-D observing profile (left) an...
15. Figure 12.15 Top left and bottom: An illustration of the RAX experiment measur...
16. Figure 12.16 Working principle of radar altimetry: altimeter received waveform...
17. Figure 12.17 Schematic working principle of a SAR: range resolution achieved t...
18. Figure 12.18 SRI-CIRES illustration.
19. Figure 12.19 Cutaway view of the REPTile instrument [60].
20. Figure 12.20 Schematic view of interactions in the Geiger–Müller tube of the E...
21. Figure 12.21 Illustration of the WINCS package with individual instrument aper...
22. Figure 12.22 Corner mount geometry of the spherical probe.
23. Figure 12.23 Reaction cell cross-section.
24. Figure 12.24 Top: On-orbit view of the NanoSail-D2 spacecraft before sail depl...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 PROBA-2 satellite.
2. Figure 13.2 PROBA-3 satellite.
3. Figure 13.3 JUICE mission.
4. Figure 13.4 AIM satellite and Didymos.
5. Figure 13.5 TET satellite.
6. Figure 13.6 Columbus module.
7. Figure 13.7 Biolab supports biological experiments.
8. Figure 13.8 NanoRacks platform.
9. Figure 13.9 Payload configuration example.
10. Figure 13.10 ICE Cubes facility.
11. Figure 13.11 4U container for experiments.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Overview of small satellites with a mass below 10 kg (CubeSats up ...
2. Figure 14.2 Impressions of the educational single-unit CubeSat AAUSAT4 of AAU ...
3. Figure 14.3 Educational single-unit CubeSat BEESAT-3 of Technische Universität...
4. Figure 14.4 The 8 kg nanosatellite PRISM built by the Intelligent Space System...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Scenario of the Euler–Hill equations with relative distance ρ
2. Figure 15.2 Local vertical local horizontal (LVLH) coordinate frame for x an...
3. Figure 15.3 The relative positions of the four CLUSTER satellites during one h...
4. Figure 15.4 The Galileo formation.
5. Figure 15.5 The field emission electric propulsion system (FEEP) for UWE-4, in...
6. Figure 15.6 The brushless motor in the background is complemented by a mass (a...
7. Figure 15.7 UWE-4 will demonstrate a FEEP electric propulsion system in orbit ...
8. Figure 15.8 The three TOM picosatellites coordinate joint observations to gene...
9. Figure 15.9 Intersatellite and ground station links in the TOM scenario also i...
10. Figure 15.10 Mobile robot systems carrying the small satellites in a ball floa...
11. Figure 15.11 Two turntables to simulate attitude changes for the camera system...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Exploded view of the SFL's Generic Nanosatellite Bus (GNB). (See c...
2. Figure 16.2 CanX-4 spacecraft (CanX-5 identical).
3. Figure 16.3 CanX-4 undergoing vibration testing.
4. Figure 16.4 CanX-5 undergoing TVAC testing.
5. Figure 16.5 Interior view of CNAPS. (See color plate section for color represe...
6. Figure 16.6 ISL radio module.
7. Figure 16.7 Relative range of the two spacecraft and trajectory transitions du...
8. Figure 16.8 Actual and targeted return trajectory during deceleration phase.
9. Figure 16.9 Position control error for the 500 m ATO.
10. Figure 16.10 Applied maneuvers for the 500 m ATO.
11. Figure 16.11 Position control error for the 100 m PCO.
12. Figure 16.12 Applied maneuvers for the 100 m PCO.
13. Figure 16.13 Control errors for the 50 m PCO.
14. Figure 16.14 Fuel usage for the second 1000 m ATO.
15. Figure 16.15 Control errors for the second 1000 m ATO.
16. Figure 16.16 RelNav measurement residuals for the 50 m PCO formation flying ex...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Nanosatellites launching “rideshare” on NASA's Educational Launch ...
2. Figure 17.2 P-POD Mk. II.
3. Figure 17.3 Unique aspects of nanosatellites that affect launch.
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 P-POD of Cal Poly, Mark III (Alodined, Rev.E) [16].
2. Figure 18.2 T-POD separation system. The CubeSat is released from T-POD into t...
3. Figure 18.3 Various XPODs [5, 7].
4. Figure 18.4 XPOD family of separation systems. Left: Single; right: DUO [7]. S...
5. Figure 18.5 XPOD (20 × 20 × 20 cm³) [17].
6. Figure 18.6 (a) 3U ISIPOD. (b) 3U ISIPOD with TurkSat-3USat [18].
7. Figure 18.7 ISIPOD CubeSat deployer details.
8. Figure 18.8 ISIS QuadPack deployer.
9. Figure 18.9 (a) Type 1 with one 12U CubeSat dummy. (b) Type 1 empty internal v...
10. Figure 18.10 PSL of Astrofein, TPL for 3U, DPL for 2U, and SPL for 1U from bac...
11. Figure 18.11 Main components of the PSL. Source: Reproduced with permission of...
12. Figure 18.12 Main components of PSL-6U model (top) and two-way PSL-6U (bottom)...
13. Figure 18.13 Main components of PSL-P-12U model (top) and three-way PSL-12U (b...
14. Figure 18.14 3U, 6U, and 12U CSD [21].
15. Figure 18.15 3U CSD and associated features [20, 21].
16. Figure 18.16 6U CSD, the CSD internal walls may constrain deployables until ej...
17. Figure 18.17 Five CSDs stacked on a single mounting plate [21].
18. Figure 18.18 The Kibo robotic arm and the J-SSOD. Deployment of TechEdSat, F-1...
19. Figure 18.19 J-SSOD with UBAKUSAT inside.
20. Figure 18.20 BeEagleSAT in NanoRacks deployer.
21. Figure 18.21 1U CubeSat AxelShooter of Axelspace of Japan.
22. Figure 18.22 Left: CUTE-I separation mechanism; right: CUTE-1.7 + APD II separ...
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Phases of satellite missions.
2. Figure 19.2 Ground system engineering phases in accordance to reference [2].
3. Figure 19.3 Ground segment engineering: mission operations support functions.
4. Figure 19.4 The Mission Operations Data Production Process.
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 The Delphini-1 nanosatellite and team.
2. Figure 20.2 Flight model of FACSAT.
3. Figure 20.3 GOMX-3 flight model in its fully deployed configuration.
4. Figure 20.4 Deployment of the GOMX-3 nanosatellite (center) from the ISS on 5t...
5. Figure 20.5 Global representation of the ADS-B data collected by GOMX-3 where ...
6. Figure 20.6 Flight models of GOMX-4A (left) and GOMX-4B (right).
7. Figure 20.7 GOMX-4 internal layout: CAD system design (top) and flight model s...
8. Figure 20.8 Illustration of CubeL with payloads.
9. Figure 20.9 Illustration of SOAR with payloads.
10. Figure 20.10 Self-removal sequencing.
11. Figure 20.11 Illustration of STARLING.
12. Figure 20.12 Three Diamonds: Red, Green, and Blue.
13. Figure 20.13 Relation between satellites' operation phases and constellation's...
14. Figure 20.14 Constellation determination and control system diagram. (See colo...
15. Figure 20.15 Illustration of the Sky and Space Global's “Pearls” spacecraft.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Ground segment functional architecture.
2. Figure 21.2 Ground Segment Architecture and key facilities.
3. Figure 21.3 Detailed ground station block diagram.
4. Figure 21.4 (a) A small satellite ground station including cross Yagi VHF and ...
5. Figure 21.5 Ground segment software architecture.
6. Figure 21.6 Common ground station versus SDR ground station.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Clash problem of multiple satellites and stations. (See color plat...
2. Figure 22.2 Generic software architecture.
3. Figure 22.3 Map showing locations of ESTRACK stations.
4. Figure 22.4 SatNOGS explanation.
5. Figure 22.5 RIBRAS ground stations coverage in Brazil, representing footprints...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 The evolution of number of objects in geocentric orbit-by-orbit cl...
2. Figure 23.2 Nomenclature of two-line element set in compliance with NORAD.
3. Figure 23.3 Geometry of an elliptical orbit.
4. Figure 23.4 Earth-centered inertial (IJK) and perifocal system (PQW). (See col...
5. Figure 23.5 Relationship between the ECF frame (XYZ) and the GS frame (uvw).
6. Figure 23.6 Comparison of the position error from a propagated state over 7 da...
7. Figure 23.7 Antenna directivity in comparison to an isotropic dipole radiation...
8. Figure 23.8 Definition of the 3 dB beam width of an antenna pattern (Θ = ...
9. Figure 23.9 Main view of the Orbitron software [23].
10. Figure 23.10 (Left) Azimuth angular rate of the antenna turn table over elevat...
11. Figure 23.11 Measurement data from a satellite pass: received signal level mea...
Chapter 24-a
1. Figure 24.1 Lance Ginner, K6GSJ, with the flight model of OSCAR 1. Source: Rep...
2. Figure 24.2 The OSCAR 3 satellite.
3. Figure 24.3 An internal view of OSCAR 4.
4. Figure 24.4 AO-7 satellite and the project team. From left are Dick Daniels, W...
5. Figure 24.5 OSCAR 40 in its specific bearing structure (SBS) prior to launch....
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Soyuz Fregat piggyback launch with 72 satellites in addition to th...
2. Figure 26.2 Two three-unit CubeSats being deployed by the NanoRacks launcher a...
3. Figure 26.3 Overview of satellites below 10 kg and CubeSats up to 12U launched...
4. Figure 26.4 Launches of satellites below 10 kg and CubeSats up to 12U until Ma...
5. Figure 26.5 Electron launcher that is developed by Rocket Lab to deliver 100 k...
Chapter 30
1. Figure 30.1 The space industry value chain.
2. Figure 30.2 Mapping of the three main categories of players and the outcome of...
3. Figure 30.3 Measuring the disruption on the industry segments.
Chapter 31
1. Figure 31.1 The four megatrends started by small satellites.
2. Figure 31.2 Launcher megatrends and underlying trends.
3. Figure 31.3 Interdependencies between constellations and the three other megat...
4. Figure 31.4 Constellation megatrend and underlying trends.
5. Figure 31.5 On-orbit/in-space operations megatrend and underlying trends.
6. Figure 31.6 On-orbit and in-space activities impact on each class of satellite...
7. Figure 31.7 Data megatrend.
Chapter 32
1. Figure 32.1 Comparison of GEO, MEO, and LEO networks of satellites.
2. Figure 32.2 Extract from the full list of satellite networks—please refer to A...
3. Figure 32.3 Existing and upcoming networks of nanosatellites (base January 201...

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