Cover
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Introduction to 5G Verticals
1. 1 Introduction
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 5G and the Vertical Industries
  3. 1.3 5G Requirements in Support of Vertical Industries
  4. 1.4 Radio Access
  5. 1.5 Network Slicing
  6. 1.6 Other Network Issues
  7. 1.7 Book Outline
  8. References
Part II: 5G Verticals – Deployments and Business Model Opportunities and Challenges
1. 2 5G Network for a Variety of Vertical Services
  1. 2.1 5G Services
  2. 2.2 Networks
  3. 2.3 Service‐Aware SON
  4. 2.4 Summary
  5. Acronyms
  6. References
Part III: 5G Verticals – Radio Access Technologies
1. 3 NR Radio Interface for 5G Verticals
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 NR Radio Interface
  3. 3.3 5G Verticals
  4. 3.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. Acronyms
  7. References
2. 4 Effects of Dynamic Blockage in Multi‐Connectivity Millimeter‐Wave Radio Access
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Blockage Effects in 5G Millimeter‐Wave Cellular Communication
  3. 4.3 Modeling Consumer 5G‐IoT Systems with Dynamic Blockage
  4. 4.4 Dynamic Multi‐Connectivity
  5. 4.5 Bandwidth Reservation
  6. 4.6 Proactive Handover Mechanisms
  7. 4.7 Conclusions
  8. References
3. 5 Radio Resource Management Techniques for 5G Verticals
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 5G Goals
  3. 5.3 Radio Access Network Management
  4. 5.4 Network Slicing
  5. 5.5 Use Case: Virtual Reality
  6. 5.6 Summary
  7. References
  8. Further Reading
Part IV: 5G Verticals – Network Infrastructure Technologies
1. 6 The Requirements and Architectural Advances to Support URLLC Verticals
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 URLLC Verticals
  3. 6.3 Network Deployment Options for Verticals
  4. 6.4 SDN, NFV and 5G Core for URLLC
  5. 6.5 Application and Network Interfacing Via Network Slicing
  6. 6.6 Summary
  7. References
2. 7 Edge Cloud
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Part I: 5G and the Edge Cloud
  3. 7.3 Part II: Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization
  4. 7.4 Evolving Wireless Core, e.g. OMEC, Towards Cloud Native and 5G Service‐Based Architecture
  5. 7.5 Part III: Software‐Defined Disaggregated RAN
  6. 7.6 Part IV: White‐Box Solutions for Compute, Storage, Access, and Networking
  7. 7.7 Part V: Edge Cloud Deployment Options
  8. 7.8 Part VI: Edge Cloud and Network Slicing
  9. 7.9 Summary
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
Part V: 5G Verticals – Key Vertical Applications
1. 8 Connected Aerials
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 General Requirements and Challenges for Supporting UAVs over a Cellular Network
  3. 8.3 Summary on Current Drone Regulations
  4. 8.4 Review of Aerial Communication R&D Activities in General
  5. 8.5 3GPP Enhancement on Supporting Drones
  6. 8.6 5G Challenges, Solutions, and Further Studies
  7. Acronyms
  8. References
2. 9 Connected Automobiles
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Levels of Vehicle Automation
  3. 9.3 Multi‐Access Edge Computing in 5G
  4. 9.4 Platoon‐Based Driving Use Case
  5. 9.5 High Definition Maps Use Case
  6. 9.6 Summary
  7. Acknowledgment
  8. References
3. 10 Connected Factory
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 5G Technologies for the Manufacturing Industry
  3. 10.3 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation
  4. 10.4 Use Cases
  5. 10.5 3GPP Support
  6. 10.6 Early Deployments
  7. 10.7 Conclusions
  8. Acronyms
  9. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Example of 5G use cases and requirements.
2. Table 2.2 Performance optimization from various beam patterns.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 NR requirements for eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC [2].
2. Table 3.2 eMTC and NB‐IoT feature summary [12, 13].
3. Table 3.3 5G use cases for different verticals.
4. Table 3.4 URLLC requirements for various IIoT cases [16].
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Examples of motion control scenarios and characteristics (3GPP TR 2...
2. Table 6.2 Quality of service requirements for live performance.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Performance achieved by a user‐space DPDK‐based application [25].
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Channel model assumptions for aerial vehicles.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 A schematic representation of the vertical services as long taile...
2. Figure 1.2 An estimate of the economic impact of different industries by 203...
3. Figure 1.3 The projected operator revenue from difference services.
4. Figure 1.4 Single cell with two uplink carriers and one downlink carrier. NU...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 LTE‐M and NB‐IoT coexisting with 5G‐NR.
2. Figure 2.2 3GPP 5G architecture.
3. Figure 2.3 NSA and SA architecture.
4. Figure 2.4 5G commercial network deployment architecture.
5. Figure 2.5 Network slicing.
6. Figure 2.6 3GPP 5G‐NR RAN architecture and interfaces.
7. Figure 2.7 Flowchart for MEC mobility with multi‐tier edges.
8. Figure 2.8 RAN splitting and performance tradeoff.
9. Figure 2.9 Service consumer‐based SON.
10. Figure 2.10 Spectrum sharing and multiple links.
11. Figure 2.11 Intelligent hybrid 3‐tier SON.
12. Figure 2.12 Flow chart of application driven 5G‐NR and eLTE dual connectivit...
13. Figure 2.13 Antenna beam patterns.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Flexible NR framework.
2. Figure 3.2 NR beam management procedure.
3. Figure 3.3 CSI‐RS modes.
4. Figure 3.4 Antenna configurations with different numbers of antenna ports.
5. Figure 3.5 (a) Sector and (b) edge spectral efficiency for LTE and NR.
6. Figure 3.6 Spectral efficiency trends of mmWave systems.
7. Figure 3.7 NR deployment supporting different bandwidth part numerologies.
8. Figure 3.8 Initial access with beam‐based operation.
9. Figure 3.9 URLLC downlink transmission.
10. Figure 3.10 URLLC uplink transmission using configured grant operation.
11. Figure 3.11 mMTC deployment: (a) 20 MHz NR with a 5 MHz eMTC carrier and (b)...
12. Figure 3.12 Summary of Rel‐15/16 features used for IIoT.
13. Figure 3.13 Examples of automotive use cases.
14. Figure 3.14 V2X resource allocation modes.
15. Figure 3.15 Examples of eHealth use cases.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Dynamics of mmWave signal attenuation due to blockage.
2. Figure 4.2 LoS blockage zone.
3. Figure 4.3 Blockage probability as a function of AP height and AP–UE distanc...
4. Figure 4.4 2D view of UE position.
5. Figure 4.5 Correlation distance as a function of angle α.
6. Figure 4.6 Renewal process associated with LoS blockage.
7. Figure 4.7 Use of mmWave MC in urban scenarios.
8. Figure 4.8 Impact of the degree of MC on outage probability.
9. Figure 4.9 Queuing network framework for MC‐capable systems.
10. Figure 4.10 Effects of MC policy on session drop probability.
11. Figure 4.11 New and ongoing session drop probabilities as functions of reser...
12. Figure 4.12 Intensity of session interruptions for considered scenarios.
13. Figure 4.13 Example of LoS dependence on time.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 System model.
2. Figure 5.2 Average utility versus number of MEC servers.
3. Figure 5.3 Average processing cost versus number of MEC servers.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Motion control system in factory assembly line.
2. Figure 6.2 System diagram for live audio performance.
3. Figure 6.3 ETSI model for network service and virtualized network functions....
4. Figure 6.4 Various external and internal networking scenarios for VMs exist ...
5. Figure 6.5 An example service model for cloud native architecture.
6. Figure 6.6 Cloud native systems can provide higher service resiliency and fa...
7. Figure 6.7 5G architecture.
8. Figure 6.8 Transport path management.
9. Figure 6.9 Race conditions in distributed functions.
10. Figure 6.10 High level view on how UEs and applications utilize access cloud...
11. Figure 6.11 The trade‐off between resource efficiency and performance in net...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Mobile network transformation.
2. Figure 7.2 Current mobile network architecture.
3. Figure 7.3 First step in transformation of the mobile network architecture: ...
4. Figure 7.4 Next step in transformation of the mobile network architecture: m...
5. Figure 7.5 Following step in transformation of the mobile network architectu...
6. Figure 7.6 PISA architecture and associated P4 pipeline [13].
7. Figure 7.7 P4 workflow [13].
8. Figure 7.8 Simplified 4G/LTE architecture.
9. Figure 7.9 Pictorial of control plane message impacts on the data plane in t...
10. Figure 7.10 (a) User plane and (b) control plane queue flooding [17].
11. Figure 7.11 Control and data plane separation following 3GPP CUPS architectu...
12. Figure 7.12 Open Mobile Evolved Core.
13. Figure 7.13 OMEC evolution toward 5G Core (subset of interfaces shown).
14. Figure 7.14 Kubernetes and S/P‐GW C and U networking [25].
15. Figure 7.15 DPDK L3fwd performance.
16. Figure 7.16 Example of OMEC data plane.
17. Figure 7.17 Cuckoo hashing for efficient flow table.
18. Figure 7.18 Intel Resource Director Technology.
19. Figure 7.19 3GPP specified RAN disaggregation options.
20. Figure 7.20 RAN disaggregation and distributed deployment.
21. Figure 7.21 Current trend in CU–DU–RU disaggregation.
22. Figure 7.22 RAN near real‐time and real‐time software defined control.
23. Figure 7.23 Disaggregated and software defined controllable RAN architecture...
24. Figure 7.24 CORD high‐level architecture.
25. Figure 7.25 CORD software reference model.
26. Figure 7.26 Edge cloud locations.
27. Figure 7.27 Sample distribution of VNF and application workloads across a di...
28. Figure 7.28 Telco cloud–public cloud inter‐operation.
29. Figure 7.29 ONF's distributed network cloud architecture demonstrated at Mob...
30. Figure 7.30 5G network resources and capabilities offered as‐a‐service to us...
31. Figure 7.31 Two sample network slices and associated service chains.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Interference situations in the air for drones.
2. Figure 8.2 Geographical RSRP heat map at different altitudes: (a) ground lev...
3. Figure 8.3 Geographical wide‐band SINR heat map at different altitudes: (a) ...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Information that may be utilized by an Advanced Driving Assistanc...
2. Figure 9.2 MEC platforms servicing specific geographical areas.
3. Figure 9.3 Demonstration of an eight sedan platoon.
4. Figure 9.4 Platoon system parameters.
5. Figure 9.5 Vehicle response modeling.
6. Figure 9.6 Inter‐vehicle gaps with ACC.
7. Figure 9.7 (a) Speed and (b) gap for vehicles 2, 5, 10, and 15 in a platoon ...
8. Figure 9.8 (a) Speed and (b) gap for vehicles 2, 5, 10, and 15 in a platoon ...
9. Figure 9.9 Comparison of jerk at the 11th vehicle in a platoon at 1 and 10% ...
10. Figure 9.10 Edge computing for platoons.
11. Figure 9.11 Generic HD maps use case main components.
12. Figure 9.12 HD map download procedure.
13. Figure 9.13 HD maps application data flow during map download.
14. Figure 9.14 HD map update procedure.
15. Figure 9.15 HD maps application data flow during map updates.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 A pictorial representation of the 5G‐ACIA ecosystem.
2. Figure 10.2 The structure of 5G‐ACIA.
3. Figure 10.3 A representation of the various use cases for the industrial ver...
4. Figure 10.4 The motion control feedback loop.
5. Figure 10.5 5G network performance measurement in an OT network.
6. Figure 10.6 2017 Industrial network market share.
7. Figure 10.7 The service continuity architecture and solution.
8. Figure 10.8 TSN integration support with TSN translator (TT) as part of the ...
9. Figure 10.9 TSN integration support with TSN translator outside the UPF.
10. Figure 10.10 The higher frequency bands identified at WRC 15.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Vannithamby, Rath, editor. | Soong, Anthony C.K., editor.
Title: 5G verticals : customizing applications, technologies and deployment techniques / edited by Rath Vannithamby, Anthony C.K. Soong.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2020. | Series: IEEE series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019045542 (print) | LCCN 2019045543 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119514817 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119514831 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119514855 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: 5G mobile communication systems.
Classification: LCC TK5103.25. A175 2020 (print) | LCC TK5103.25 (ebook) | DDC 621.3845/6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045542
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045543

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © spainter_vfx/Shutterstock

List of Contributors

S.M. Ahsan Kazmi
Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia

Sergey Andreev
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Jingwen Bai
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Mehdi Bennis
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Tri Nguyen Dang
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

Margarita Gapeyenko
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Amitava Ghosh
Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL, USA

Choong Seon Hong
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea

John Kaippallimalil
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, USA

Yevgeni Koucheryavy
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Ulas C. Kozat
Futurewei Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Christian Maciocco
Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA

Dmitri Moltchanov
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Murali Narasimha
Futurewei Technologies, Rolling Meadows, IL, USA

Vitaly Petrov
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Ana Lucia Pinheiro
Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA

Rapeepat Ratasuk
Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL, USA

Tony Saboorian
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, USA

Andrey Samuylov
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

Anthony C.K. Soong
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, USA

M. Oğuz Sunay
Open Networking Foundation, Menlo Park, CA, USA

Shilpa Talwar
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Nguyen H. Tran
The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Rath Vannithamby
Intel Corporation, Portland, OR, USA

Frederick Vook
Nokia Bell Labs, Naperville, IL, USA

Amanda Xiang
Futurewei Technologies, Plano, TX, USA

Feng Xue
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Jin Yang
Verizon Communications Inc., Walnut Creek, CA, USA

Shu‐ping Yeh
Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA

Preface

Looking back at the technical history of wireless communication systems, it becomes apparent that the fifth generation (5G) is following a fundamentally different developmental tract than what came before it. The first generation was based upon analog transmission technology. The second generation was the transition from analog to digital transmission technology in the form of mainly time division multiple access. The third generation was the transition of the wireless industry to the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wave form. The fourth generation was the adoption of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Each generation was associated with a change in the waveform and an associated improvement in the spectral efficiency due to the waveform. However, 5G is decidedly not a change in the waveform because OFDM is still the waveform in the first release of 5G; Release 15. The main reason for this, in our opinion, is that in the frequency range from 1 to 60 GHz, OFDM is extremely flexible and a proven waveform does not exist in the literature that significantly outperforms it.

This raises the question: What is so special about 5G leading to all the hype? In the literature and in the press, there are numerous articles about how 5G will be “more”; more capacity, more coverage, higher data rates, and lower latency. Yes, 5G is about all of that but in our opinion, these aspects are insignificant to the revolution that is 5G. To understand its significance, we must look at the environment onto which 5G will be deployed.

As humans we have gone through approximately three industrial revolutions. The first industrial revolution was the harnessing of steam power for manufacturing. Humans experienced more interaction and communication sped up with the invention of the steam railroad. The second industrial revolution was the harmonization of science in manufacturing processes which resulted in mass production and the assembly line. Associated with the industrial advances was another order of communication improvements with the development of the telegraph and telephony. The third industrial revolution witnessed the rise of electronics and ushered in the digital age that we are enjoying today. It started the era of miniaturization which notably opened up new space and biotechnical frontiers. Communication was again revolutionized with the development of untethered wireless communication. What is clear is that associated with every industrial revolution there was an improvement in human communications by orders of magnitude. Communication and industrial revolution can then be considered different sides of the same coin.

5G is arriving as the fourth industrial revolution is unfolding. This industrial revolution is about the merging of the industrial physical world with the biological and the digital worlds. One characteristic which is already clear is that digitalization and artificial intelligence has evolved to a point where we can build a new virtual world from which we can control the physical world. In the communication industry literature, the Internet of Things (IoT) or vertical industry evolution fall under the umbrella of enabling the fourth industrial revolution by 5G. Unfortunately, due to its diversity, the information about how 5G will support this industrial revolution is scattered among a number of papers, keynote presentations, and panel discussions. This motivated us to try to gather and harmonize the different bits of information into one book.

This book is written by experts in the field and experts who developed the 5G standards. It not only discusses technically the 5G system as it is standardized in Release 15 but it also discusses the technology that enables the 5G system to be flexibly deployed and scaled as new use cases that support the vertical industry are identified and developed. It also looks at the market forces that are driving how 5G will support the vertical use cases. Furthermore, several specific vertical industries, which have the potential to be among the first industries to use 5G, will be analyzed in detail. It will demonstrate that 5G together with the fourth industrial revolution has a chance to break the link between development and environmental cost. For the first time, the efficiencies enabled by 5G may allow for economic development without sacrificing the environment.

Portland, OR and Plano, TX, June 2019
RV and ACKS

5G Verticals

Customizing Applications, Technologies and Deployment Techniques

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I
Introduction to 5G Verticals