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<p>List of Contributors vii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xiii</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p><b>Section I: Introduction</b></p> <p>1. Introduction to El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate 3<br /><i> Michael J. McPhaden, Agus Santoso, </i>and <i>Wenju Cai</i></p> <p>2. ENSO in the Global Climate System 21<br /><i>Kevin E. Trenberth</i></p> <p><b>Section II: Observations</b></p> <p>3. ENSO Observations 41<br /><i>Michael J. McPhaden, Tong Lee, Severine Fournier, </i>and <i>Magdalena A. Balmaseda</i></p> <p>4. ENSO Diversity 65<br /><i>Antonietta Capotondi, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Jong-Seong Kug, Ken Takahashi, </i>and <i>Michael J. McPhaden</i></p> <p>5. Past ENSO Variability: Reconstructions, Models, and Implications 87<br /><i>Julien Emile-Geay, Kim M. Cobb, Julia E. Cole, Mary Elliot, </i>and <i>Feng Zhu</i></p> <p><b>Section III: Theories and Dynamics</b></p> <p>6. Simple ENSO Models 121<br /><i>Fei-Fei Jin, Han-Ching Chen, Sen Zhao, Michiya Hayashi, Christina Karamperidou, Malte F. Stuecker, Ruihuang Xie, </i>and <i>Licheng Geng</i></p> <p>7. ENSO Irregularity and Asymmetry 153<br /><i>Soon-Il An, Eli Tziperman, Yuko M. Okumura, </i>and <i>Tim Li</i></p> <p>8. ENSO Low‐frequency Modulation and Mean State Interactions 173<br /><i>Alexey V. Fedorov, Shineng Hu, Andrew T. Wittenberg, Aaron F. Z. Levine, </i>and <i>Clara Deser</i></p> <p><b>Section IV: Modeling and Prediction</b></p> <p>9. ENSO Modelling: History, Progress and Challenges 201<br /><i>Eric Guilyardi, Antonietta Capotondi, Matthieu Lengaigne, Sulian Thual, </i>and <i>Andrew T. Wittenberg</i></p> <p>10. ENSO Prediction 227<br /><i>Michelle L. L’Heureux, Aaron F. Z. Levine, Matthew Newman, Catherine Ganter, Jing-Jia Luo, Michael K. Tippett, </i>and <i>Timothy N. Stockdale</i></p> <p><b>Section V: Remote and External Forcing</b></p> <p>11. ENSO Remote Forcing: Influence of Climate Variability Outside the Tropical Pacific 249<br /><i>Jong-Seong Kug, Jerome Vialard, Yoo-Geun Ham, Jin-Yi Yu, </i>and <i>Matthieu Lengaigne</i></p> <p>12. The Effect of Strong Volcanic Eruptions on ENSO 267<br /><i>Shayne McGregor, Myriam Khodri, Nicola Maher, Masamichi Ohba, Francesco S. R. Pausata, </i>and <i>Samantha Stevenson</i></p> <p>13. ENSO Response to Greenhouse Forcing 289<br /><i>Wenju Cai, Agus Santoso, Guojian Wang, Lixin Wu, Mat Collins, Matthieu Lengaigne, Scott Power, </i>and <i>Axel Timmermann</i></p> <p><b>Section VI: Teleconnections and Impacts</b></p> <p>14. ENSO Atmospheric Teleconnections 311<br /><i>Andréa S. Taschetto, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Malte F. Stuecker, Dietmar Dommenget, Karumuri Ashok, Regina R. Rodrigues, </i>and <i>Sang-Wook Yeh</i></p> <p>15. ENSO Oceanic Teleconnections 337<br /><i>Janet Sprintall, Sophie Cravatte, Boris Dewitte, Yan Du, </i>and <i>Alexander Sen Gupta</i></p> <p>16. Impact of El Nino on Weather and Climate Extremes 361<br /><i>Lisa Goddard </i>and <i>Alexander Gershunov</i></p> <p>17. ENSO and Tropical Cyclones 377<br /><i>I-I Lin, Suzana J. Camargo, Christina M. Patricola, Julien Boucharel, Savin Chand, Phil Klotzbach, Johnny C. L. Chan, Bin Wang, Ping Chang, Tim Li, </i>and <i>Fei-Fei Jin</i></p> <p>18. ENSO-Driven Ocean Extremes and Their Ecosystem Impacts <i> </i>409<br /><i>Neil J. Holbrook, Danielle C. Claar, Alistair J. Hobday, Kathleen L. McInnes, Eric C. J. Oliver, Alex Sen Gupta, Matthew J. Widlansky, </i>and <i>Xuebin Zhang</i></p> <p>19. ENSO Impact on Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems 429<br /><i>Patrick Lehodey, Arnaud Bertrand, Alistair J. Hobday, Hidetada Kiyofuji, Sam McClatchie, Christophe E. Menkès, Graham Pilling, Jeffrey Polovina, </i>and <i>Desiree Tommasi</i></p> <p>20. ENSO and the Carbon Cycle 453<br /><i>Richard A. Betts, Chantelle A. Burton, Richard A. Feely, Mat Collins, Chris D. Jones, </i>and <i>Andy J. Wiltshire</i></p> <p><b>Section VII: Closing</b></p> <p>21. ENSO in a Changing Climate: Challenges, Paleo‐Perspectives, and Outlook<b><br /></b><i>Christina Karamperidou, Malte F. Stuecker, Axel Timmermann, Kyung-Sook Yun, Sun-Seon Lee, Fei-Fei Jin, Agus Santoso, Michael J. McPhaden, </i>and <i>Wenju Cai</i></p> <p>Glossary 485</p> <p>Index 491</p>

<p><b>Michael J. McPhaden,</b> NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USA.</p> <p><b>Agus Santoso,</b> University of New South Wales, Australia.</p> <p><b>Wenju Cai,</b> Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia.</p>

<p><b>El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate<br> GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES</b> <p>The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean has major worldwide social and economic consequences through its global scale effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulation, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and other natural systems. Ongoing climate change is projected to significantly alter ENSO's dynamics and impacts. <p><i>El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate</i> presents the latest theories, models, and observations, and explores the challenges of forecasting ENSO as the climate continues to change. <p><b>Volume highlights include:</b> <ul> <li>Historical background and societal consequences of El Niño and La Niña (ENSO warm and cold phases)</li> <li>Review of key ENSO characteristics and dynamics</li> <li>Conceptual framework for understanding long-term ENSO changes</li> <li>ENSO impacts on fisheries, marine ecosystems, global carbon cycle, and extreme events</li> <li>Advances in paleo-reconstructions, computer modeling, seasonal forecasting, and future ENSO projections</li> <li>Factors influencing ENSO events, such as inter-basin climate interactions and volcanic eruptions</li> </ul> <p><i>The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.</i>

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